Introduction The main objective of the Action COST A27 Understanding pre-industrial structures in rural and mining landscapes (LANDMARKS), as announced in the Memorandum of Understanding of the Action was "the comprehension and the evaluation of pre-industrial elements in the European landscape, threatened by the abandonment of traditional agricultural and mining activities". This paper focuses on a range of these elements reflecting the Roman dominion in two of the peripheral provincial territories of the empire: Southwest Britannia and Northwest Hispania.[1]